The possible solutions

Governance aspect

1. Decrease road tax for more fuel efficient cars and increase them for the less efficient

2. The Land Transport Department (JPD) can work together with the Environment, Parks and Recreation Department to inculcate environmental consideration in JPD’s regulation of vehicles e.g. revision of exhaust emission levels, more thorough vehicle inspection, and proper regulation of car imports

Infrastructure aspect.

1. Increase public transport usage by allocating bus schedules around UBD

2. Offer incentives for bus users e.g. free rides for students etc.

3. Ensure parking space efficiency by the implementation of the parking permit system

4. Improve the bus service by making it cleaner and more comfortable

5. Build bus stops at better locations such as where students usually wait to be picked up

6. The bus service could be fitted to accommodate UBD population’s schedules

7. Construction of specified bus lanes or routes for easy bus travel

Socio-cultural aspect

1. Educate society on issues of fuel and vehicle overuse and its effects through media

2. Promote bus usage in the urban areas as there are more cars used there

3. Bus companies could promote their services more e.g. through the UBD website

Legal aspect

1. Produce laws which explicitly specify issues of emission control, etc.

2. Increase the price of imported cars, revise car taxes and subsidies on fuel

Economic aspect

1. Practise emission trading schemes where a participant must keep to a government specified emission amount. Those who are unable to keep to it would be fined.

Environmental aspect

1. Implement voluntary sponsorship opportunities of environmental projects such as hydroelectricity or wind farms. A person would be given some sort of recognition for their sponsorship and would be informed of their efforts in balancing out the effect on the environment from their driving.